These contrasting effects of crime on labour force participation rates are robust to fixed and between effects across districts, the dynamic nature of the relationship between variables, and heterogeneity in the data. We found that men's labour force participation increased or remained unimpacted by an increase in crime, while an increase in crime decreased women's labour force participation, especially in work away from their residence. We combined labour market data from NSS surveys on employment and unemployment and crime statistics from the National Crime Records Bureau for a panel of India's 571 districts from 2000 to 2012. We investigated the possible asymmetric impact of crime on the labour force participation rates of men and women in India. Therefore, an increase in crime can explain and exacerbate the existing gender gaps in labour force participation. This raises the possibility that if crime reduces women's labour force participation, men may compensate for the loss of income by increasing their participation in the labour force. Increased crime incidents, particularly crime against women, raise security concerns and increase the non-pecuniary cost of travelling, thus deterring women from working away from their dwelling. Results indicate that Facebook use and political ideology were not significantly associated with fear of crime or perceived risk of victimization over and above these factors. Sampling 371 students attending non-residential community college and university campuses in Washington State, we test the predictive power of Facebook use and political ideology on fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, prior victimization, perceived community cohesion, risk-taking behaviors, and routine activities. Fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization can influence social integration, anxiety and psychological wellbeing, and research on the impact of social media use on these is lacking. This is also true for crime rates and perceptions of crime risk. The potential for online news to influence perceptions of social, public health and public safety issues is ominous, given that perceptions and facts are sometimes at odds. With this has come concern about partisan echo chambers, misinformation, and online filter bubbles which silo users into separate, often disparate media universes shaped by culture, confirmation bias, and personalized content. With Internet connectivity becoming increasingly accessible and mobile, more people are turning to the Internet for news. The implications of these results for the quality of women's lives are discussed. Reliance on isolation is associated with women's beliefs about their own physical competence, while use of “street savvy” tactics is related to women's attitudes about the extent of danger in their neighborhoods. Fear levels are strong predictors of the use of either of two types of safety strategies, isolating oneself from danger by limiting one's movement through time and space, and risk management in the face of danger by using “street savvy” tactics.

Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with high fear levels among women include perceptions of high risk of one's own victimization of a multitude of violent crimes (including rape), a sense of physical powerlessness, and weak feelings of attachment to the neighborhood. Those with the fewest resources to cope with victimization, the elderly, ethnic minorities, and those with low incomes, carry the heaviest burden of fear. However, these fears and behaviors are not randomly distributed among women.

Women fear crime more than men, and engage in more precautionary behaviors. This assertion is tested with survey data from residents of Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Feminists argue that the threat of rape acts as an instrument of social control of women, keeping them in a state of anxiety and encouraging the self-imposition of behavioral restrictions in a quest for safety.

Pathological fear of rape